KEPEMIMPINAN DI MEDAN TEMPUR: TANGGUNG JAWAB KOMANDO DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL
Keywords:
Military leadership, command responsibility, international humanitarian law, IHL integration, TNI strategyAbstract
Command responsibility is a key doctrine in international humanitarian law (IHL) requiring military leaders to be held accountable for crimes committed by subordinates if they fail to prevent or punish such acts. This article analyzes the theory and practice of command responsibility in the context of Indonesian military leadership. The abstract briefly outlines historical development of the doctrine (from the 1863 Lieber Code to the 1998 Rome Statute), its adoption into Indonesian law (Law No. 26/2000 on human rights courts), and differences between international and national application. The study examines the elements of command responsibility (superior-subordinate relationship, knowledge or “should have known,” and duty to take reasonable measures) and surveys international case law (e.g. the Celebici case in ICTY and the Jean-Pierre Bemba case in ICC). It then addresses Indonesian scenarios (military operations in East Timor and Papua), domestic human rights trials, and TNI contributions to UN peacekeeping and IHL training. Contemporary challenges (drone warfare, cyber attacks, hybrid warfare) and their implications for commander responsibility are discussed. The paper concludes that embedding IHL values in TNI command structures enhances the legitimacy and effectiveness of Indonesian military leadership. Recommendations focus on strengthening IHL training, clarifying command rules, and harmonizing national law with international standards to ensure consistent enforcement of command responsibility.
References
Fitriliani, Yulia, dan Mikkael Loviana Pangemanan. “Tanggung Jawab Komando/Atasan dalam Kasus Pelanggaran HAM Berat Menurut Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Indonesia.” Asia Law Review: Jurnal Hukum Humaniter & HAM 2, no. 3 (2020): 35–58.
Human Rights Watch. Pengadilan Indonesia untuk Kasus Timor-Timur: Suatu Upaya Menutupi Kesalahan? (press release, 20 Desember 2002).
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “Pelatihan Simulasi HHI untuk Kopassus.” Blog The ICRC in Indonesia, 5 November 2014.
International Criminal Court. The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Case Information Sheet (The Hague: ICC, 2016).
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Prosecutor v. Delalić et al. (Celebici), Case No. IT-96-21, Indictment (21 Maret 1996).
Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Pertahanan No. 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia.
Komnas HAM. Laporan Kegiatan Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia tentang Pelanggaran HAM di Timor Timur 1999 (Jakarta: Komnas HAM RI, 2000).
Soekarno Putri, Megawati. Pernyataan pers pada Deklarasi BLT (Desember 2001).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 JOURNAL OF LAW AND NATION

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.